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寄信人: Berlin (Western Rain)
标 题: 最新AWA_topics_argument
发信站: 荔园晨风BBS站 (2005年06月11日12:35:31 星期六)
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Argument
1.The following appeared as part of an annual report sent to stockholders by
Olympic Foods, a processor of frozen foods.
“Over time, the costs of processing go down because as organizations learn
how to do things better, they become more efficient. In color film
processing, for example, the cost of a 3-by-5-inch print fell from 50 cents
for five-day service in 1970 to 20 cents for one-day service in 1984. The
same principle applies to the processing of food. And since Olympic Foods
will soon celebrate its twenty-fifth birthday, we can expect that our long
experience will enable us to minimize costs and thus maximize profits.”
2.The following appeared in a memorandum from the business department of the
Apogee Company.
“When the Apogee Company had all its operations in one location, it was more
profitable than it is today. Therefore, the Apogee Company should close down
its field offices and conduct all its operations from a single location. Such
centralization would improve profitability by cutting costs and helping the
company maintain better supervision of all employees.”
3.The following appeared in a memorandum issued by a large city’s council on
the arts.
“In a recent citywide poll, fifteen percent more residents said that they
watch television programs about the visual arts than was the case in a poll
conducted five years ago. During these past five years, the number of people
visiting our city’s art museums has increased by a similar percentage. Since
the corporate funding that supports public television, where most of the
visual arts programs appear, is now being threatened with severe cuts, we can
expect that attendance at our city’s art museums will also start to
decrease. Thus some of the city’s funds for supporting the arts should be
reallocated to public television.”
4.The following appeared in a report presented for discussion at a meeting of
the directors of a company that manufactures parts for heavy machinery.
“The falling revenues that the company is experiencing coincide with delays
in manufacturing. These delays, in turn, are due in large part to poor
planning in purchasing metals. Consider further that the manager of the
department that handles purchasing of raw materials has an excellent
background in general business, psychology, and sociology, but knows little
about the properties of metals. The company should, therefore, move the
purchasing manager to the sales department and bring in a scientist from the
research division to be manager of the purchasing department.”
5.The following appeared in an announcement issued by the publisher of The
Mercury, a weekly newspaper.
“Since a competing lower-priced newspaper, The Bugle, was started five years
ago, The Mercury’s circulation has declined by 10,000 readers. The best way
to get more people to read The Mercury is to reduce its price below that of
The Bugle, at least until circulation increases to former levels. The
increased circulation of The Mercury will attract more businesses to buy
advertising space in the paper.”
6.The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine devoted to
regional life.
“Corporations should look to the city of Helios when seeking new business
opportunities or a new location. Even in the recent recession, Helios’s
unemployment rate was lower than the regional average. It is the industrial
center of the region, and historically it has provided more than its share of
the region’s manufacturing jobs. In addition, Helios is attempting to expand
its economic base by attracting companies that focus on research and
development of innovative technologies.”
7.The following appeared in the health section of a magazine on trends and
lifestyles.
“People who use the artificial sweetener aspartame are better off consuming
sugar, since aspartame can actually contribute to weight gain rather than
weight loss. For example, high levels of aspartame have been shown to trigger
a craving for food by depleting the brain of a chemical that registers
satiety, or the sense of being full. Furthermore, studies suggest that
sugars, if consumed after at least 45 minutes of continuous exercise,
actually enhance the body’s ability to burn fat. Consequently, those who
drink aspartame-sweetened juices after exercise will also lose this
calorie-burning benefit. Thus it appears that people consuming aspartame
rather than sugar are unlikely to achieve their dietary goals.”
8.The following appeared in the editorial section of a corporate newsletter.
“The common notion that workers are generally apathetic about management
issues is false, or at least outdated: a recently published survey indicates
that 79 percent of the nearly 1,200 workers who responded to survey
questionnaires expressed a high level of interest in the topics of corporate
restructuring and redesign of benefits programs.”
9.The following appeared in the opinion column of a financial magazine.
“On average, middle-aged consumers devote 39 percent of their retail
expenditure to department store products and services, while for younger
consumers the average is only 25 percent. Since the number of middle-aged
people will increase dramatically within the next decade, department stores
can expect retail sales to increase significantly during that period.
Furthermore, to take advantage of the trend, these stores should begin to
replace some of those products intended to attract the younger consumer with
products intended to attract the middle-aged consumer.”
10.The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the
state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for
various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently
weren’t so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or
left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more
numerous, it is more representative of the state’s college students than are
the protesters. Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of
the protesting students.”
11.The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“In the first four years that Montoya has served as mayor of the city of San
Perdito, the population has decreased and the unemployment rate has
increased. Two businesses have closed for each new business that has opened.
Under Varro, who served as mayor for four years before Montoya, the
unemployment rate decreased and the population increased. Clearly, the
residents of San Perdito would be best served if they voted Montoya out of
office and reelected Varro.”
12.The following appeared as part of a promotional campaign to sell
advertising space in the Daily Gazette to grocery stores in the Marston area.
“Advertising the reduced price of selected grocery items in the Daily
Gazette will help you increase your sales. Consider the results of a study
conducted last month. Thirty sale items from a store in downtown Marston were
advertised in the Gazette for four days. Each time one or more of the 30
items was purchased, clerks asked whether the shopper had read the ad.
Two-thirds of the 200 shoppers asked answered in the affirmative.
Furthermore, more than half the customers who answered in the affirmative
spent over $100 at the store.”
13.The following appeared as part of a campaign to sell advertising time on a
local radio station to local businesses.
“The Cumquat Cafe began advertising on our local radio station this year and
was delighted to see its business increase by 10 percent over
last year’s totals. Their success shows you how you can use radio
advertising to make your business more profitable.”
14.The following appeared as part of a newspaper editorial.
“Two years ago Nova High School began to use interactive computer
instruction in three academic subjects. The school dropout rate declined
immediately, and last year’s graduates have reported some impressive
achievements in college. In future budgets the school board should use a
greater portion of the available funds to buy more computers, and all schools
in the district should adopt interactive computer instruction throughout the
curriculum.”
15.The following appeared as a part of an advertisement for Adams, who is
seeking reelection as governor.
“Re-elect Adams, and you will be voting for proven leadership in improving
the state’s economy. Over the past year alone, seventy percent of the state’s
workers have had increases in their wages, five thousand new jobs have been
created, and six corporations have located their headquarters here. Most of
the respondents in a recent poll said they believed that the economy is
likely to continue to improve if Adams is reelected. Adams’s opponent,
Zebulon, would lead our state in the wrong direction, because Zebulon
disagrees with many of Adams’s economic policies.”
16.The following appeared as part of an article in the education section of a
Waymarsh City newspaper.
“Throughout the last two decades, those who earned graduate degrees found it
very difficult to get jobs teaching their academic specialties at the college
level. Those with graduate degrees from Waymarsh University had an especially
hard time finding such jobs. But better times are coming in the next decade
for all academic job seekers, including those from Waymarsh. Demographic
trends indicate that an increasing number of people will be reaching college
age over the next ten years; consequently, we can expect that the job market
will improve dramatically for people seeking college-level teaching positions
in their fields.”
17.The following appeared in an article in a consumer-products magazine.
“Two of today’s best-selling brands of full-strength prescription
medication for the relief of excess stomach acid, Acid-Ease and Pepticaid,
are now available in milder nonprescription forms. Doctors have written 76
million more prescriptions for full-strength Acid-Ease than for full-strength
Pepticaid. So people who need an effective but milder nonprescription
medication for the relief of excess stomach acid should choose Acid-Ease.”
18.The following is an excerpt from a memo written by the head of a
governmental department.
“Neither stronger ethics regulations nor stronger enforcement mechanisms are
necessary to ensure ethical behavior by companies doing business with this
department. We already have a code of ethics that companies doing business
with this department are urged to abide by, and virtually all of these
companies have agreed to follow it. We also know that the code is relevant to
the current business environment because it was approved within the last
year, and in direct response to specific violations committed by companies
with which we were then working — not in abstract anticipation of potential
violations, as so many such codes are.”
19.The following appeared as part of an article in the travel section of a
newspaper.
“Over the past decade, the restaurant industry in the country of Spiessa has
experienced unprecedented growth. This surge can be expected to continue in
the coming years, fueled by recent social changes: personal incomes are
rising, more leisure time is available, single-person households are more
common, and people have a greater interest in gourmet food, as evidenced by a
proliferation of publications on the subject.”
20.The following appeared in an article in a health and fitness magazine.
“Laboratory studies show that Saluda Natural Spring Water contains several
of the minerals necessary for good health and that it is completely free of
bacteria. Residents of Saluda, the small town where the water is bottled, are
hospitalized less frequently than the national average. Even though Saluda
Natural Spring Water may seem expensive, drinking it instead of tap water is
a wise investment in good health.”
21.The following appeared as part of an editorial in an industry newsletter.
“While trucking companies that deliver goods pay only a portion of highway
maintenance costs and no property tax on the highways they use, railways
spend billions per year maintaining and upgrading their facilities. The
government should lower the railroad companies’ property taxes, since
sending goods by rail is clearly a more appropriate mode of ground
transportation than highway shipping. For one thing, trains consume only a
third of the fuel a truck would use to carry the same load, making them a
more cost-effective and environmentally sound mode of transport. Furthermore,
since rail lines already exist, increases in rail traffic would not require
building new lines at the expense of taxpaying citizens.”
22.The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper.
“As public concern over drug abuse has increased, authorities have become
more vigilant in their efforts to prevent illegal drugs from entering the
country. Many drug traffickers have consequently switched from marijuana,
which is bulky, or heroin, which has a market too small to justify the risk
of severe punishment, to cocaine. Thus enforcement efforts have ironically
resulted in an observed increase in the illegal use of cocaine.”
23.The following appeared in a speech delivered by a member of the city
council.
“Twenty years ago, only half of the students who graduated from Einstein
High School went on to attend a college or university. Today, two thirds of
the students who graduate from Einstein do so. Clearly, Einstein has improved
its educational effectiveness over the past two decades. This improvement has
occurred despite the fact that the school’s funding, when adjusted for
inflation, is about the same as it was twenty years ago. Therefore, we do not
need to make any substantial increase in the school’s funding at this time.”
24.The following appeared in a memo from the customer service division to the
manager of Mammon Savings and Loan.
“We believe that improved customer service is the best way for us to
differentiate ourselves from competitors and attract new customers. We can
offer our customers better service by reducing waiting time in teller lines
from an average of six minutes to an average of three. By opening for
business at 8:30 instead of 9:00, and by remaining open for an additional
hour beyond our current closing time, we will be better able to accommodate
the busy schedules of our customers. These changes will enhance our bank’s
image as the most customer-friendly bank in town and give us the edge over
our competition.”
25.The following appeared as part of an article in a magazine on lifestyles.
“Two years ago, City L was listed 14th in an annual survey that ranks cities
according to the quality of life that can be enjoyed by those living in them.
This information will enable people who are moving to the state in which City
L is located to confidently identify one place, at least, where schools are
good, housing is affordable, people are friendly, the environment is safe,
and the arts flourish.”
26.The following appeared in a memorandum from a member of a financial
management and consulting firm.
“We have learned from an employee of Windfall, Ltd., that its accounting
department, by checking about ten percent of the last month’s purchasing
invoices for errors and inconsistencies, saved the company some $10,000 in
overpayments. In order to help our clients increase their net gains, we
should advise each of them to institute a policy of checking all purchasing
invoices for errors. Such a recommendation could also help us get the
Windfall account by demonstrating to Windfall the rigorousness of our methods.
”
27.The following appeared in a newspaper editorial.
“As violence in movies increases, so do crime rates in our cities. To combat
this problem we must establish a board to censor certain movies, or we must
limit admission to persons over 21 years of age. Apparently our legislators
are not concerned about this issue since a bill calling for such actions
recently failed to receive a majority vote.”
28.The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“Commuter use of the new subway train is exceeding the transit company’s
projections. However, commuter use of the shuttle buses that transport people
to the subway stations is below the projected volume. If the transit company
expects commuters to ride the shuttle buses to the subway rather than drive
there, it must either reduce the shuttle bus fares or increase the price of
parking at the subway stations.”
29.The following was excerpted from the speech of a spokesperson for
Synthetic Farm Products, Inc.
“Many farmers who invested in the equipment needed to make the switch from
synthetic to organic fertilizers and pesticides feel that it would be too
expensive to resume synthetic farming at this point. But studies of farmers
who switched to organic farming last year indicate that their current crop
yields are lower. Hence their purchase of organic farming equipment, a
relatively minor investment compared to the losses that would result from
continued lower crop yields, cannot justify persisting on an unwise course.
And the choice to farm organically is financially unwise, given that it was
motivated by environmental rather than economic concerns.”
30.The following appeared in a newspaper story giving advice about
investments.
“As overall life expectancy continues to rise, the population of our country
is growing increasingly older. For example, over twenty percent of the
residents of one of our more populated regions are now at least 65 years old,
and occupancy rates at resort hotels in that region declined significantly
during the past six months. Because of these two related trends, a prudent
investor would be well advised to sell interest in hotels and invest in
hospitals and nursing homes instead.”
31.The following appeared as part of the business plan of an investment and
financial consulting firm.
“Studies suggest that an average coffee drinker’s consumption of coffee
increases with age, from age 10 through age 60. Even after age 60, coffee
consumption remains high. The average cola drinker’s consumption of cola,
however, declines with increasing age. Both of these trends have remained
stable for the past 40 years. Given that the number of older adults will
significantly increase as the population ages over the next 20 years, it
follows that the demand for coffee will increase and the demand for cola will
decrease during this period. We should, therefore, consider transferring our
investments from Cola Loca to Early Bird Coffee.”
32.The following appeared in the editorial section of a West Cambria
newspaper.
“A recent review of the West Cambria volunteer ambulance service revealed a
longer average response time to accidents than was reported by a commercial
ambulance squad located in East Cambria. In order to provide better patient
care for accident victims and to raise revenue for our town by collecting
service fees for ambulance use, we should disband our volunteer service and
hire a commercial ambulance service.”
33.The following is part of a business plan being discussed at a board
meeting of the Perks Company.
“It is no longer cost-effective for the Perks Company to continue offering
its employees a generous package of benefits and incentives year after year.
In periods when national unemployment rates are low, Perks may need to offer
such a package in order to attract and keep good employees, but since
national unemployment rates are now high, Perks does not need to offer the
same benefits and incentives. The money thus saved could be better used to
replace the existing plant machinery with more technologically sophisticated
equipment, or even to build an additional plant.”
34.The following appeared as part of a plan proposed by an executive of the
Easy Credit Company to the president.
“The Easy Credit Company would gain an advantage over competing credit card
services if we were to donate a portion of the proceeds from the use of our
cards to a well-known environmental organization in exchange for the use of
its symbol or logo on our card. Since a recent poll shows that a large
percentage of the public is concerned about environmental issues, this policy
would attract new customers, increase use among existing customers, and
enable us to charge interest rates that are higher than the lowest ones
available.”
35.The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the financial
planning office to the administration of Fern Valley University.
“In the past few years, Fern Valley University has suffered from a decline
in both enrollments and admissions applications. The reason can be discovered
from our students, who most often cite poor teaching and inadequate library
resources as their chief sources of dissatisfaction with Fern Valley.
Therefore, in order to increase the number of students attending our
university, and hence to regain our position as the most prestigious
university in the greater Fern Valley metropolitan area, it is necessary to
initiate a fund-raising campaign among the alumni that will enable us to
expand the range of subjects we teach and to increase the size of our library
facilities.”
36.The following appeared in an article in a college departmental newsletter
“Professor Taylor of Jones University is promoting a model of foreign
language instruction in which students receive ten weeks of intensive
training, then go abroad to live with families for ten weeks. The superiority
of the model, Professor Taylor contends, is proved by the results of a study
in which foreign language tests given to students at 25 other colleges show
that first-year foreign language students at Jones speak more fluently after
only ten to twenty weeks in the program than do nine out of ten foreign
language majors elsewhere at the time of their graduation.”
37.The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a
local newspaper.
“Motorcycle X has been manufactured in the United States for over 70 years.
Although one foreign company has copied the motorcycle and is selling it for
less, the company has failed to attract motorcycle X customers — some say
because its product lacks the exceptionally loud noise made by motorcycle X.
But there must be some other explanation. After all, foreign cars tend to be
quieter than similar American-made cars, but they sell at least as well.
Also, television advertisements for motorcycle X highlight its durability and
sleek lines, not its noisiness, and the ads typically have voice-overs or
rock music rather than engine-roar on the sound track.”
38.The following appeared in the editorial section of a campus newspaper.
“Because occupancy rates for campus housing fell during the last academic
year, so did housing revenues. To solve the problem, campus housing officials
should reduce the number of available housing units, thereby increasing the
occupancy rates. Also, to keep students from choosing to live off-campus,
housing officials should lower the rents, thereby increasing demand.”
39.The following appeared in an Avia Airlines departmental memorandum.
“On average, 9 out of every 1,000 passengers who traveled on Avia Airlines
last year filed a complaint about our baggage-handling procedures. This means
that although some 1 percent of our passengers were unhappy with those
procedures, the overwhelming majority were quite satisfied with them; thus it
would appear that a review of the procedures is not important to our goal of
maintaining or increasing the number of Avia’s passengers.”
40.The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine.
“The country of Sacchar can best solve its current trade deficit problem by
lowering the price of sugar, its primary export. Such an action would make
Sacchar better able to compete for markets with other sugar-exporting
countries. The sale of Sacchar’s sugar abroad would increase, and this
increase would substantially reduce Sacchar’s trade deficit.”
41.The following appeared as part of an article in a trade publication.
“Stronger laws are needed to protect new kinds of home-security systems from
being copied and sold by imitators. With such protection, manufacturers will
naturally invest in the development of new home-security products and
production technologies. Without stronger laws, therefore, manufacturers will
cut back on investment. From this will follow a corresponding decline not
only in product quality and marketability, but also in production efficiency,
and thus ultimately a loss of manufacturing jobs in the industry.”
42.The following appeared in the opinion section of a national newsmagazine.
“To reverse the deterioration of the postal service, the government should
raise the price of postage stamps. This solution will no doubt prove
effective, since the price increase will generate larger revenues and will
also reduce the volume of mail, thereby eliminating the strain on the
existing system and contributing to improved morale.”
43.The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper.
“There is a common misconception that university hospitals are better than
community or private hospitals. This notion is unfounded, however: the
university hospitals in our region employ 15 percent fewer doctors, have a 20
percent lower success rate in treating patients, make far less overall
profit, and pay their medical staff considerably less than do private
hospitals. Furthermore, many doctors at university hospitals typically divide
their time among teaching, conducting research, and treating patients. From
this it seems clear that the quality of care at university hospitals is lower
than that at other kinds of hospitals.”
44.The following is part of a business plan created by the management of the
Megamart grocery store.
“Our total sales have increased this year by 20 percent since we added a
pharmacy section to our grocery store. Clearly, the customer’s main concern
is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping. The surest way to increase
our profits over the next couple of years, therefore, is to add a clothing
department along with an automotive supplies and repair shop. We should also
plan to continue adding new departments and services, such as a restaurant
and a garden shop, in subsequent years. Being the only store in the area that
offers such a range of services will give us a competitive advantage over
other local stores.”
45.The following appeared as part of a column in a popular entertainment
magazine.
“The producers of the forthcoming movie 3003 will be most likely to maximize
their profits if they are willing to pay Robin Good several million dollars
to star in it — even though that amount is far more than any other person
involved with the movie will make. After all, Robin has in the past been paid
a similar amount to work in several films that were very financially
successful.”
46.The following appeared in a memorandum from the directors of a security
and safety consulting service.
“Our research indicates that over the past six years no incidents of
employee theft have been reported within ten of the companies that have been
our clients. In analyzing the security practices of these ten companies, we
have further learned that each of them requires its employees to wear photo
identification badges while at work. In the future, therefore, we should
recommend the use of such identification badges to all of our clients.”
47.The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a
local newspaper.
“The owners of the Cumquat Café evidently made a good business decision in
moving to a new location, as can be seen from the fact that the Café will
soon celebrate its second anniversary there. Moreover, it appears that
businesses are not likely to succeed at the old location: since the Café’s
move, three different businesses — a tanning salon, an antique emporium, and
a pet-grooming shop — have occupied its former spot.”
48.The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“The profitability of Croesus Company, recently restored to private
ownership, is a clear indication that businesses fare better under private
ownership than under public ownership.”
49.The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“If the paper from every morning edition of the nation’s largest newspaper
were collected and rendered into paper pulp that the newspaper could reuse,
about 5 million trees would be saved each year. This kind of recycling is
unnecessary, however, since the newspaper maintains its own forests to ensure
an uninterrupted supply of paper.”
50.The following appeared as part of a business plan recommended by the new
manager of a musical rock group called Zapped.
“To succeed financially, Zapped needs greater name recognition. It should
therefore diversify its commercial enterprises. The rock group Zonked plays
the same type of music that Zapped plays, but it is much better known than
Zapped because in addition to its concert tours and four albums, Zonked has a
series of posters, a line of clothing and accessories, and a contract with a
major advertising agency to endorse a number of different products.”
51.The following appeared in a magazine article on trends and lifestyles.
“In general, people are not as concerned as they were a decade ago about
regulating their intake of red meat and fatty cheeses. Walk into the Heart’s
Delight, a store that started selling organic fruits and vegetables and
whole-grain flours in the 1960’s, and you will also find a wide selection of
cheeses made with high butterfat content. Next door, the owners of the Good
Earth Café, an old vegetarian restaurant, are still making a modest living,
but the owners of the new House of Beef across the street are millionaires.”
52.The following editorial appeared in the Elm City paper.
“The construction last year of a shopping mall in downtown Oak City was a
mistake. Since the mall has opened, a number of local businesses have closed,
and the downtown area suffers from an acute parking shortage, and arrests for
crime and vagrancy have increased in the nearby Oak City Park. Elm City
should pay attention to the example of the Oak City mall and deny the
application to build a shopping mall in Elm City.”
53.The following appeared as part of an editorial in a weekly newsmagazine.
“Historically, most of this country’s engineers have come from our
universities; recently, however, our university-age population has begun to
shrink, and decreasing enrollments in our high schools clearly show that this
drop in numbers will continue throughout the remainder of the decade.
Consequently, our nation will soon be facing a shortage of trained engineers.
If we are to remain economically competitive in the world marketplace, then,
we must increase funding for education — and quickly.”
54.The following appeared in an Excelsior Company memorandum.
“The Excelsior Company plans to introduce its own brand of coffee. Since
coffee is an expensive food item, and since there are already many
established brands of coffee, the best way to gain customers for the
Excelsior brand is to do what Superior, the leading coffee company, did when
it introduced the newest brand in its line of coffees: conduct a temporary
sales promotion that offers free samples, price reductions, and discount
coupons for the new brand.”
55.The following appeared as part of an article in a popular arts and leisure
magazine.
“The safety codes governing the construction of public buildings are
becoming far too strict. The surest way for architects and builders to prove
that they have met the minimum requirements established by these codes is to
construct buildings by using the same materials and methods that are
currently allowed. But doing so means that there will be very little
significant technological innovation within the industry, and hence little
evolution of architectural styles and design — merely because of the
strictness of these safety codes.”
56.The following is from a campaign by Big Boards, Inc., to convince
companies in River City that their sales will increase if they use Big Boards
billboards for advertising their locally manufactured products.
“The potential of Big Boards to increase sales of your products can be seen
from an experiment we conducted last year. We increased public awareness of
the name of the current national women’s marathon champion by publishing her
picture and her name on billboards in River City for a period of three
months. Before this time, although the champion had just won her title and
was receiving extensive national publicity, only five percent of 15,000
randomly surveyed residents of River City could correctly name the champion
when shown her picture; after the three-month advertising experiment, 35
percent of respondents from a second survey could supply her name.”
57.The following appeared as part of an article on government funding of
environmental regulatory agencies.
“When scientists finally learn how to create large amounts of copper from
other chemical elements, the regulation of copper mining will become
unnecessary. For one thing, since the amount of potentially available copper
will no longer be limited by the quantity of actual copper deposits, the
problem of overmining will quickly be eliminated altogether. For another,
manufacturers will not need to use synthetic copper substitutes, the
production of which creates pollutants. Thus, since two problems will be
settled — overmining and pollution — it makes good sense to reduce funding
for mining regulation and either save the money or reallocate it where it is
needed more.”
58. The following appeared as part of a recommendation by one of the
directors of the Beta Company.
“The Alpha Company has just reduced its workforce by laying off fifteen
percent of its employees in all divisions and at all levels, and it is
encouraging early retirement for other employees. As you know, the Beta
Company manufactures some products similar to Alpha’s, but our profits have
fallen over the last few years. To improve Beta’s competitive position, we
should try to hire a significant number of Alpha’s former workers, since
these experienced workers can provide valuable information about Alpha’s
successful methods, will require little training, and will be particularly
motivated to compete against Alpha.”
59.The following appeared as part of an article in a popular science
magazine.
“Scientists must typically work 60 to 80 hours a week if they hope to
further their careers; consequently, good and affordable all-day child care
must be made available to both male and female scientists if they are to
advance in their fields. Moreover, requirements for career advancement must
be made more flexible so that preschool-age children can spend a significant
portion of each day with a parent.”
60.The following appeared in the letters-to-the-editor section of a local
newspaper.
“Muscle Monthly, a fitness magazine that regularly features pictures of
bodybuilders using state-of-the-art exercise machines, frequently sells out,
according to the owner of Skyview Newsstand. To help maximize fitness levels
in our town’s residents, we should, therefore, equip our new community
fitness center with such machines.”
61.The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a
local newspaper.
“The Cumquat Café made a mistake in moving to a new location. After one
year at the new spot, it is doing about the same volume of business as
before, but the owners of the RoboWrench plumbing supply wholesale outlet
that took over its old location are apparently doing better: RoboWrench is
planning to open a store in a neighboring city.”
62.The following appeared in a memorandum from the Director of Human
Resources to the executive officers of Company X.
“Last year, we surveyed our employees on improvements needed at Company X by
having them rank, in order of importance, the issues presented in a list of
possible improvements. Improved communications between employees and
management was consistently ranked as the issue of highest importance by the
employees who responded to the survey. As you know, we have since instituted
regular communications sessions conducted by high-level management, which the
employees can attend on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is likely that most
employees at Company X now feel that the improvement most needed at the
company has been made.”
63.The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice president of Road
Food, an international chain of fast-food restaurants.
“This past year, we spent almost as much on advertising as did our main
competitor, Street Eats, which has fewer restaurants than we do. Although it
appeared at first that our advertising agency had created a campaign along
the lines we suggested, in fact our total profits were lower than those of
Street Eats. In order to motivate our advertising agency to perform better,
we should start basing the amount that we pay it on how much total profit we
make each year.”
64.The following appeared in the promotional literature for Cerberus dog
food.
“Obesity is a great problem among pet dogs, just as it is among their human
owners. Obesity in humans is typically caused by consuming more calories than
the body needs. For humans, a proper diet for losing weight is a
reduced-calorie diet that is high in fiber and carbohydrates but low in fat.
Therefore, the best way for dog owners to help their dogs lose weight in a
healthy way is to restrict the dog’s diet to Cerberus reduced-calorie dog
food, which is high in fiber and carbohydrates but low in fat.”
65.The following appeared in an article in a travel magazine.
“After the airline industry began requiring airlines to report their on-time
rates, Speedee Airlines achieved the number one on-time rate, with over 89
percent of its flights arriving on time each month. And now Speedee is
offering more flights to more destinations than ever before. Clearly, Speedee
is the best choice for today’s business traveler.”
66.The following appeared in a memorandum to the planning department of an
investment firm.
“Costs have begun dropping for several types of equipment currently used to
convert solar energy into electricity. Moreover, some exciting new
technologies for converting solar energy are now being researched and
developed. Hence we can expect that solar energy will soon become more cost
efficient and attractive than coal or oil as a source of electrical power. We
should, therefore, encourage investment in Solario, a new manufacturer of
solar-powered products. After all, Solario’s chief executive was once on the
financial planning team for Ready-to-Ware, a software engineering firm that
has shown remarkable growth since its recent incorporation.”
67.The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of a company
that makes shampoo.
“A widely publicized study claims that HR2, a chemical compound in our
shampoo, can contribute to hair loss after prolonged use. This study,
however, involved only 500 subjects. Furthermore, we have received no
complaints from our customers during the past year, and some of our
competitors actually use more HR2 per bottle of shampoo than we do.
Therefore, we do not need to consider replacing the HR2 in our shampoo with a
more expensive alternative.”
68.The following appeared as part of a recommendation from the business
manager of a department store.
“Local clothing stores reported that their profits decreased, on average,
for the three-month period between August 1 and October 31. Stores that sell
products for the home reported that, on average, their profits increased
during this same period. Clearly, consumers are choosing to buy products for
their homes instead of clothing. To take advantage of this trend, we should
reduce the size of our clothing departments and enlarge our home furnishings
and household products departments.”
69.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a regional newspaper.
“In response to petitions from the many farmers and rural landowners
throughout our region, the legislature has spent valuable time and effort
enacting severe laws to deter motorists from picking fruit off the trees,
trampling through the fields, and stealing samples of foliage. But how can
our local lawmakers occupy themselves with such petty vandalism when crime
and violence plague the nation’s cities? The fate of apples and leaves is
simply too trivial to merit their attention.”
70.The following appeared as part of an editorial in a campus newspaper.
“With an increasing demand for highly skilled workers, this nation will soon
face a serious labor shortage. New positions in technical and professional
occupations are increasing rapidly, while at the same time the total labor
force is growing slowly. Moreover, the government is proposing to cut funds
for aid to education in the near future.”
71.The following appeared as part of a memorandum from a government agency.
“Given the limited funding available for the building and repair of roads
and bridges, the government should not spend any money this year on fixing
the bridge that crosses the Styx River. This bridge is located near a city
with a weakening economy, so it is not as important as other bridges;
moreover, the city population is small and thus unlikely to contribute a
significant enough tax revenue to justify the effort of fixing the bridge.”
72.The following appeared as part of an article in an entertainment magazine.
“A series of books based on the characters of a popular movie are
consistently bestsellers in local bookstores. Seeking to capitalize on the
books’ success, Vista Studios is planning to produce a movie sequel based on
the books. Due to the success of the books and the original movie, the sequel
will undoubtedly be profitable.”
73.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a popular science and
technology magazine.
“It is a popular myth that consumers are really benefiting from advances in
agricultural technology. Granted — consumers are, on the average, spending a
decreasing proportion of their income on food. But consider that the demand
for food does not rise in proportion with real income. As real income rises,
therefore, consumers can be expected to spend a decreasing proportion of
their income on food. Yet agricultural technology is credited with having
made our lives better.”
74.The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“This city should be able to improve existing services and provide new ones
without periodically raising the taxes of the residents. Instead, the city
should require that the costs of services be paid for by developers who seek
approval for their large new building projects. After all, these projects can
be highly profitable to the developers, but they can also raise a city’s
expenses and increase the demand for its services.”
75.The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper.
“In order to avoid the serious health threats associated with many
landfills, our municipality should build a plant for burning trash. An
incinerator could offer economic as well as ecological advantages over the
typical old-fashioned type of landfill: incinerators can be adapted to
generate moderate amounts of electricity, and ash residue from some types of
trash can be used to condition garden soil.”
76.The following appeared in the editorial section of a monthly business
newsmagazine.
“Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on
the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it
makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could
thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money.”
77.The following appeared as part of a company memorandum.
“Adopting an official code of ethics regarding business practices may in the
long run do our company more harm than good in the public eye. When one of
our competitors received unfavorable publicity for violating its own code of
ethics, it got more attention from the media than it would have if it had had
no such code. Rather than adopt an official code of ethics, therefore, we
should instead conduct a publicity campaign that stresses the importance of
protecting the environment and assisting charitable organizations.”
78.The following appeared in the editorial section of a daily newspaper.
“Although forecasts of presidential elections based on opinion polls measure
current voter preference, many voters keep changing their minds about whom
they prefer until the last few days before the balloting. Some do not even
make a final decision until they enter the voting booth. Forecasts based on
opinion polls are therefore little better at predicting election outcomes
than a random guess would be.”
79.The following appeared in the editorial section of a newspaper in the
country of West Cambria.
“The practice of officially changing speed limits on the highways — whether
by increasing or decreasing them — is a dangerous one. Consider what
happened over the past decade whenever neighboring East Cambria changed its
speed limits: an average of 3 percent more automobile accidents occurred
during the week following the change than had occurred during the week
preceding it — even when the speed limit was lowered. This statistic shows
that the change in speed limit adversely affected the alertness of drivers.”
80.The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the vice president of
Nostrum, a large pharmaceutical corporation.
“The proposal to increase the health and retirement benefits that our
employees receive should not be implemented at this time. An increase in
these benefits is not only financially unjustified, since our last year’s
profits were lower than those of the preceding year, but also unnecessary,
since our chief competitor, Panacea, offers its employees lower health and
retirement benefits than we currently offer. We can assume that our employees
are reasonably satisfied with the health and retirement benefits that they
now have since a recent survey indicated that two-thirds of the respondents
viewed them favorably.”
81.The following appeared as part of an article on trends in television.
“A recent study of viewers’ attitudes toward prime-time television programs
shows that many of the programs that were judged by their viewers to be of
high quality appeared on (noncommercial) television networks, and that, on
commercial television, the most popular shows are typically sponsored by the
best-selling products. Thus, it follows that businesses who use commercial
television to promote their products will achieve the greatest advertising
success by sponsoring only highly-rated programs — and, ideally, programs
resembling the highly-rated noncommercial programs on public channels as much
as possible.”
82.The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a
daily newspaper.
“Company A has a large share of the international market in video-game
hardware and software. Company B, the pioneer in these products, was once a
$12 billion-a-year giant but collapsed when children became bored with its
line of products. Thus Company A can also be expected to fail, especially
given the fact that its games are now in so many American homes that the
demand for them is nearly exhausted.”
83.The following appeared as part of an article in a photography magazine.
“When choosing whether to work in color or in black-and-white, the
photographer who wishes to be successful should keep in mind that because
color photographs are more true-to-life, magazines use more color photographs
than black-and-white ones, and many newspapers are also starting to use color
photographs. The realism of color also accounts for the fact that most
portrait studios use more color film than black-and-white film. Furthermore,
there are more types of color film than black-and-white film available today.
Clearly, photographers who work in color have an advantage over those who
work in black-and-white.”
84.The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local
newspaper.
“It makes no sense that in most places fifteen year olds are not eligible
for their driver’s license while people who are far older can retain all of
their driving privileges by simply renewing their license. If older drivers
can get these renewals, often without having to pass another driving test,
then fifteen year olds should be eligible to get a license. Fifteen year olds
typically have much better eyesight, especially at night; much better
hand-eye coordination; and much quicker reflexes. They are also less likely
to feel confused by unexpected developments or disoriented in unfamiliar
surroundings, and they recover from injuries more quickly.”
85.The following appeared in an ad for a book titled How to Write a
Screenplay for a Movie.
“Writers who want to succeed should try to write film screenplays rather
than books, since the average film tends to make greater profits than does
even a best-selling book. It is true that some books are also made into
films. However, our nation’s film producers are more likely to produce
movies based on original screenplays than to produce films based on books,
because in recent years the films that have sold the most tickets have
usually been based on original screenplays.”
86.The following appeared in a memorandum from the ElectroWares company’s
marketing department.
“Since our company started manufacturing and marketing a deluxe light bulb
six months ago, sales of our economy light bulb — and company profits —
have decreased significantly. Although the deluxe light bulb sells for 50
percent more than the economy bulb, it lasts twice as long. Therefore, to
increase repeat sales and maximize profits, we should discontinue the deluxe
light bulb.”
87.The following is taken from an editorial in a local newspaper.
“Over the past decade, the price per pound of citrus fruit has increased
substantially. Eleven years ago, Megamart charged 5 cents apiece for lemons,
but today it commonly charges over 30 cents apiece. In only one of these last
eleven years was the weather unfavorable for growing citrus crops. Evidently,
then, citrus growers have been responsible for the excessive increase in the
price of citrus fruit, and strict pricing regulations are needed to prevent
them from continuing to inflate prices.”
88.The following appeared as part of an article in a local newspaper.
“Over the past three years the tartfish industry has changed markedly:
fishing technology has improved significantly, and the demand for tartfish
has grown in both domestic and foreign markets. As this trend continues, the
tartfish industry on Shrimp Island can expect to experience the same
over-fishing problems that are already occurring with mainland fishing
industries: without restrictions on fishing, fishers see no reason to limit
their individual catches. As the catches get bigger, the tartfish population
will be dangerously depleted while the surplus of tartfish will devalue the
catch for fishers. Government regulation is the only answer: tartfish-fishing
should be allowed only during the three-month summer season, when tartfish
reproduce and thus are most numerous, rather than throughout the year.”
89.The following appeared in a proposal from the development office at
Platonic University.
“Because Platonic University has had difficulty in meeting its expenses over
the past three years, we need to find new ways to increase revenues. We
should consider following the example of Greene University, which recently
renamed itself after a donor who gave it $100 million. If Platonic University
were to advertise to its alumni and other wealthy people that it will rename
either individual buildings or the entire university itself after the donors
who give the most money, the amount of donations would undoubtedly increase.”
90.The following appeared as part of an article in the business section of a
local newspaper.
“Hippocrene Plumbing Supply recently opened a wholesale outlet in the
location once occupied by the Cumquat Café Restaurant. Hippocrene has
apparently been quite successful there because it is planning to open a large
outlet in a nearby city. But the Cumquat Café, one year after moving to its
new location, has seen its volume of business drop somewhat from the previous
year’s. Clearly, the former site is a better business location, and the
Cumquat Café has made a mistake in moving to its new address.”
91.The following appeared in a memorandum from the manager of KMTV, a
television station.
“Applications for advertising spots on KMTV, our local cable television
channel, decreased last year. Meanwhile a neighboring town’s local channel,
KOOP, changed its focus to farming issues and reported an increase in
advertising applications for the year. To increase applications for
advertising spots, KMTV should focus its programming on farming issues as
well.”
92.The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine.
“A year ago Apex Manufacturing bought its managers computers for their homes
and paid for telephone connections so that the managers could access Apex
computers and data files from home after normal business hours. Since last
year, productivity at Apex has increased by 15 percent. Other companies can
learn from the success at Apex: given home computers and access to company
resources, employees will work additional hours at home and thereby increase
company profits.”
93.The following was excerpted from an article in a farming trade
publication.
“Farmers who switched from synthetic to organic farming last year have seen
their crop yields decline. Many of these farmers feel that it would be too
expensive to resume synthetic farming at this point, given the money that
they invested in organic farming supplies and equipment. But their
investments will be relatively minor compared to the losses from continued
lower crop yields. Organic farmers should switch to synthetic farming rather
than persist in an unwise course. And the choice to farm organically is
financially unwise, given that it was motivated by environmental rather than
economic concerns.”
94.The following appeared in a letter to prospective students from the
admissions office at Plateau College.
“Every person who earned an advanced degree in science or engineering from
Olympus University last year received numerous offers of excellent jobs.
Typically, many of the Plateau College graduates who want to pursue an
advanced degree have gone on to Olympus. Therefore, enrolling as an
undergraduate at Plateau College is a wise choice for students who wish to
ensure success in their careers.”
95.The following appeared in a memorandum sent by a vice-president of the
Nadir Company to the company’s human resources department.
“Nadir does not need to adopt the costly ‘family-friendly’ programs that
have been proposed, such as part-time work, work at home, and job-sharing.
When these programs were made available at the Summit Company, the leader in
its industry, only a small percentage of employees participated in them.
Rather than adversely affecting our profitability by offering these programs,
we should concentrate on offering extensive training that will enable
employees to increase their productivity.”
96.The following appeared as part of an article in a trade magazine for
breweries.
“Magic Hat Brewery recently released the results of a survey of visitors to
its tasting room last year. Magic Hat reports that the majority of
visitors asked to taste its low-calorie beers. To boost sales, other small
breweries should brew low-calorie beers as well.”
97.The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town
of Saluda.
“The Saluda Consolidated High School offers over 200 different courses from
which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street
offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently
sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than
Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there
and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at
Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”
98.The following appeared as part of a business plan by the Capital Idea
Investment firm.
“Currently more and more books are becoming available in electronic form —
either free of charge on the Internet or for a very low price per book on
CD-ROM.* People who would not pay bookstore prices will now have access to
whatever book they want from their home or work computers. Consequently,
literary classics are likely to be read more widely than ever before: 72
percent of those responding to a recent online survey said they would read
books in electronic form, and 81 percent said they believed that reading
classic works was important. Given this newly developing market, we should
invest in E-Classics, a new company that sells electronic versions of
literary classics.”
*A CD-ROM is a small portable disc capable of storing relatively large
amounts of data that can be read by a computer.
99.The following appeared as an editorial in a magazine concerned with
educational issues.
“In our country, the real earnings of men who have only a high-school degree
have decreased significantly over the past fifteen years, but those of male
college graduates have remained about the same. Therefore, the key to
improving the earnings of the next generation of workers is to send all
students to college. Our country’s most important educational goal, then,
should be to establish enough colleges and universities to accommodate all
high school graduates.”
100.The following appeared as part of a business plan created by the
management of the Take Heart Fitness Center.
“After opening the new swimming pool early last summer, Take Heart saw a 12
percent increase in the use of the center by members. Therefore, in order to
increase the number of our members and thus our revenues, which depend on
membership fees, we should continue to add new recreational facilities in
subsequent years: for example, a multipurpose game room, a tennis court, and
a miniature golf course. Being the only center in the area offering this
range of activities would give us a competitive advantage in the health and
recreation market.”
101.The following appeared in a letter from a staff member in the office of
admissions at Argent University.
“The most recent nationwide surveys show that undergraduates choose their
major field primarily based on their perception of job prospects in that
field. At our university, economics is now the most popular major, so
students must perceive this field as having the best job prospects.
Therefore, we can increase our enrollment if we focus our advertising and
recruiting on publicizing the accomplishments of our best-known economics
professors and the success of our economics graduates in finding employment.”
102.The following appeared as part of a memorandum from the loan department
of the Frostbite National Bank.
“We should not approve the business loan application of the local group that
wants to open a franchise outlet for the Kool Kone chain of ice cream
parlors. Frostbite is known for its cold winters, and cold weather can mean
slow ice cream sales. For example, even though Frostbite is a town of 10,000
people, it has only one ice cream spot — the Frigid Cow. Despite the lack of
competition, the Frigid Cow’s net revenues fell by 10 percent last winter.”
103.The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a local
newspaper.
“Bayview High School is considering whether to require all of its students
to wear uniforms while at school. Students attending Acorn Valley Academy, a
private school in town, earn higher grades on average than Bayview students
and are more likely to go on to college. Moreover, Acorn Valley reports few
instances of tardiness, absenteeism, or discipline problems. Since Acorn
Valley requires its students to wear uniforms, Bayview High School would do
well to follow suit and require its students to wear uniforms as well.”
104.The following appeared in a memo to the Saluda town council from the town’
s business manager.
“Research indicates that those who exercise regularly are hospitalized less
than half as often as those who don’t exercise. By providing a well-equipped
gym for Saluda’s municipal employees, we should be able to reduce the cost
of our group health insurance coverage by approximately 50% and thereby
achieve a balanced town budget.”
105.The following appeared in a memorandum written by the assistant manager
of a store that sells gourmet food items from various countries.
“An interesting discovery was made last month at a local wine store: the
store sold more French than Italian wine on days when recordings of French
accordion music were played, but more Italian wine was sold on days when
Italian songs were played. Therefore, I recommend that we put food
specialties from one particular country on sale for a week at a time and play
only music from that country while the sale is going on. By this means we
will increase our profits in the same way that the wine store did, and we
will be able to predict more precisely what items we should stock at any
given time.”
106.The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of research and
development at Ready-to-Ware, a software engineering firm.
“The package of benefits and incentives that Ready-to-Ware offers to
professional staff is too costly. Our quarterly profits have declined since
the package was introduced two years ago, at the time of our incorporation.
Moreover, the package had little positive effect, as we have had only
marginal success in recruiting and training high-quality professional staff.
To become more profitable again, Ready-to-Ware should, therefore, offer the
reduced benefits package that was in place two years ago and use the savings
to fund our current research and development initiatives.”
107.The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice-president of the
Dolci Candy Company.
“Given the success of our premium and most expensive line of chocolate
candies in a recent taste test and the subsequent increase in sales, we
should shift our business focus to producing additional lines of premium
candy and discontinuing our lesser-priced, ordinary candies. When the current
economic boom ends and consumers can no longer buy major luxury items, such
as cars, they will still be able to afford small luxuries, such as expensive
candies.”
108.The following appeared in a memorandum from the business office of the
Lovin’Cupful, a national restaurant chain.
“The Lovin’ Cupful franchises in our northeast region have begun serving
customers FasT, a brand-new powdered instant tea, in place of brewed tea.
From what waiters report, it seems that only 2 percent of the customers have
complained about the taste and that customers who want refills typically ask
for more ‘tea.’ Apparently, then, about98 percent of the customers are
perfectly happy with the switch, or else they cannot distinguish powdered
instant from brewed tea. Therefore, in order to take advantage of the lower
price per pound of FasT, all of our restaurants should begin substituting it
for brewed tea.”
109.The following appeared in a memorandum from the director of marketing for
a pharmaceutical company.
“According to a survey of 5,000 urban residents, the prevalence of stress
headaches increases with educational level, so that stress headaches occur
most often among people with graduate-school degrees. It is well established
that, nationally, higher educational levels usually correspond with higher
levels of income. Therefore, in marketing our new pain remedy, Omnilixir, we
should send free samples primarily to graduate students and to people with
graduate degrees, and we should concentrate on advertising in professional
journals rather than in general-interest magazines.”
110.The following appeared as part of an editorial in the Waymarsh City
newspaper.
“Last year the parents of first graders in our school district expressed
satisfaction with the reading skills their children developed but complained
strongly about their children’s math skills. To remedy this serious problem
and improve our district’s elementary education, everyone in the
teacher-training program at Waymarsh University should be required to take
more courses in mathematics.”
111.The following is from an editorial that appeared in a River City
newspaper.
“The Clio Development Group wants to build a multilevel parking garage on
Dock Street in River City, but the plan should not be approved. Most of the
buildings on the block would then have to be demolished. Because these
buildings were erected decades ago, they have historic significance and must
therefore be preserved as economic assets in the effort to revitalize a
restored riverfront area. Recall how Lakesburg has benefited from business
increases in its historic downtown center. Moreover, there is plenty of
vacant land for a parking lot elsewhere in River City.”
112.The following appeared in a corporate planning memorandum for a company
that develops amusement parks.
“Because travel from our country to foreign countries has increased
dramatically in recent years, our next project should be a World Tour theme
park with replicas of famous foreign buildings, rides that have international
themes, and refreshment stands serving only foods from the country
represented by the nearest ride. The best location would be near our capital
city, which has large percentages of international residents and of children
under the age of 16. Given the advantages of this site and the growing
interest in foreign countries, the World Tour theme park should be as
successful as our Space Travel theme park, where attendance has increased
tenfold over the past decade.”
113.The following appeared in a memorandum from the publisher to the
editorial staff of The Clarion, a large metropolitan newspaper.
“During the recent campaign for mayor, a clear majority of city readers who
responded to our survey indicated a desire for more news about city
government. To increase readership, and thus our profits, we should therefore
consistently devote a greater proportion of space in all editions of The
Clarion to coverage of local news.”
114.The following appeared in a memorandum from the assistant manager of
Pageturner Books.
“Over the past two years, Pageturner’s profits have decreased by five
percent, even though we have added a popular café as well as a music section
selling CD’s and tapes. At the same time, we have experienced an increase in
the theft of merchandise. We should therefore follow the example of Thoreau
Books, which increased its profits after putting copies of its most
frequently stolen books on a high shelf behind the payment counter. By doing
likewise with copies of the titles that our staff reported stolen last year,
we too can increase profitability.”
115.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a River City
newspaper.
“The Clio Development Group’s plan for a multilevel parking garage on Dock
Street should be approved in order to strengthen the economy of the
surrounding area. Although most of the buildings on the block would have to
be demolished, they are among the oldest in the city and thus of little
current economic value. Those who oppose the project should realize that
historic preservation cannot be the only consideration: even Athens or
Jerusalem will knock down old buildings to put up new ones that improve the
local economy.”
116.The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Carlo’s
Clothing to the staff.
“Since Disc Depot, the music store on the next block, began a new radio
advertising campaign last year, its business has grown dramatically, as
evidenced by the large increase in foot traffic into the store. While the
Disc Depot’s owners have apparently become wealthy enough to retire, profits
at Carlo’s Clothing have remained stagnant for the past three years. In
order to boost our sales and profits, we should therefore switch from
newspaper advertising to frequent radio advertisements like those for Disc
Depot.”
117.The following appeared as part of the business plan of the Capital Idea
investment firm.
“Across town in the Park Hill district, the Thespian Theater, Pizzazz Pizza,
and the Niblick Golf Club have all had business increases within the past two
years. Capital Idea should therefore invest in the Roxy Playhouse, the Slice-o
’-Pizza, and the Divot Golf Club, three new businesses in the Irongate
district. As a condition, we should require them to participate in a special
program: Any customer who patronizes two of the businesses will receive a
substantial discount at the third. By motivating customers to patronize all
three, we will thus contribute to the profitability of each and maximize our
return.”
118.The following appeared as part of an article in a newsletter for farmers.
“Users of Solacium, a medicinal herb now grown mainly in Asia, report that
it relieves tension and promotes deep sleep. A recent study indicates that a
large number of college students who took pills containing one of the
ingredients in Solacium suffered less anxiety. To satisfy the anticipated
demands for this very promising therapeutic herb and to reap the financial
benefits, farmers in this country should begin growing it.”
119.The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Aurora, a
company that sells organic milk (milk produced without the use of chemical
additives).
“Sales of organic food products in this country have tripled over the past
five years. If Aurora is to profit from this continuing trend, we must
diversify and start selling products such as organic orange juice and organic
eggs in addition to our regular product line. With the recent increase of
articles in health magazines questioning the safety of milk and other food
products, customers are even more likely to buy our line of organic products.
And to help ensure our successful expansion, we should hire the founder of a
chain of health-food stores to serve as our vice-president of marketing.”
120.The following appeared in a memorandum from the human resources
department of Diversified Manufacturing.
“Managers at our central office report that their employees tend to be most
productive in the days immediately before a vacation. To help counteract our
declining market share, we could increase the productivity of our
professional staff members, who receive a total of four weeks paid vacation a
year, by allowing them to take no more than one week of vacation at a time.
They will thus take more vacation breaks during a year and give us more days
of maximum productivity, thereby helping to increase our market share.”
121.The following appeared in a memorandum from a regional supervisor of post
office operations.
“During a two-week study of postal operations, the Presto City post office
handled about twice as many items as the Lento City post office, even though
the cities are about the same size. Moreover, customer satisfaction appears
to be higher in Presto City, since the study found fewer complaints regarding
the Presto City post office. Therefore, the postmasters at these two offices
should exchange assignments: the Presto City postmaster will solve the
problems of inefficiency and customer dissatisfaction at the Lento City
office while the Lento City postmaster learns firsthand the superior methods
of Presto City.”
122.The following appeared in a memorandum written by the managing director
of the Exeunt Theater Company.
“Now that we have moved to a larger theater, we can expect to increase our
revenues from ticket sales. To further increase profits, we should start
producing the plays that have been most successful when they were performed
in our nation’s largest cities. In addition, we should hire the Adlib
Theater Company’s director of fund-raising, since corporate donations to
Adlib have increased significantly over the three years that she has worked
for Adlib.”
123.The following appeared in a memorandum from the human resources
department of HomeStyle, a house remodeling business.
“This year, despite HomeStyle’s move to new office space, we have seen a
decline in both company morale and productivity, and a corresponding increase
in administrative costs. To rectify these problems, we should begin using a
newly developed software package for performance appraisal and feedback.
Managers will save time by simply choosing comments from a preexisting list;
then the software will automatically generate feedback for the employee. The
Human Resources department at CounterBalance, the manufacturer of the
countertops we install, reports satisfaction with the package.”
124.The following appeared as part of an article in a weekly newsmagazine.
“The country of Oleum can best solve the problem of its balance of trade
deficit by further increasing the tax on its major import, crude oil. After
Oleum increased the tax on imported crude oil four months ago, consumption of
gasoline declined by 20 percent. Therefore, by imposing a second and
significantly higher tax increase next year, Oleum will dramatically decrease
its balance of trade deficit.”
125.The following appeared as part of a business plan by the Capital Idea
investment firm.
“In recent years the worldwide demand for fish has grown, and improvements
in fishing technology have made larger catches and thus increased supply
possible: for example, last year’s tuna catch was 9 percent greater than the
previous year’s. To capitalize on these trends, we should therefore invest
in the new pugfish processing plant on Pugfish Island, where increasing
revenues from tourism indicate a strong local economy.”
126.The following appeared in a speech by a stockholder of Consolidated
Industries at the company’s annual stockholders’ meeting.
“In the computer hardware division last year, profits fell significantly
below projections, the product line decreased from twenty to only five items,
and expenditures for employee benefits increased by 15 percent. Nevertheless,
Consolidated’s board of directors has approved an annual salary of over one
million dollars for our company’s chief executive officer. The present board
members should be replaced because they are unconcerned about the increasing
costs of employee benefits and salaries, in spite of the company’s problems
generating income.”
127.The following appeared in a memorandum from the business planning
department of Avia Airlines.
“Of all the cities in their region, Beaumont and Fletcher are showing the
fastest growth in the number of new businesses. Therefore, Avia should
establish a commuter route between them as a means of countering recent
losses on its main passenger routes. And to make the commuter route more
profitable from the outset, Avia should offer a 1/3 discount on tickets
purchased within two days of the flight. Unlike tickets bought earlier,
discount tickets will be nonrefundable, and so gain from their sale will be
greater.”
128.The following appeared in a memorandum from the vice-president of
Gigantis, a development company that builds and leases retail store
facilities.
“Nationwide over the past five years, sales have increased significantly at
outlet stores that deal exclusively in reduced-price merchandise. Therefore,
we should publicize the new mall that we are building at Pleasantville as a
central location for outlet shopping and rent store space only to outlet
companies. By taking advantage of the success of outlet stores, this plan
should help ensure full occupancy of the mall and enable us to recover
quickly the costs of building the mall.”
129.The following appeared in a memorandum written by the chair of the music
department to the president of Omega University.
“Mental health experts have observed that symptoms of mental illness are
less pronounced in many patients after group music-therapy sessions, and job
openings in the music-therapy field have increased during the past year.
Consequently, graduates from our degree program for music therapists should
have no trouble finding good positions. To help improve the financial status
of Omega University, we should therefore expand our music-therapy degree
program by increasing its enrollment targets.”
130.The following appeared in a memorandum to the work-group supervisors of
the GBS Company.
“The CoffeeCart beverage and food service located in the lobby of our main
office building is not earning enough in sales to cover its costs, and so the
cart may discontinue operating at GBS. Given the low staff morale, as
evidenced by the increase in the number of employees leaving the company, the
loss of this service could present a problem, especially since the staff
morale questionnaire showed widespread dissatisfaction with the snack
machines. Therefore, supervisors should remind the employees in their group
to patronize the cart — after all, it was leased for their convenience so
that they would not have to walk over to the cafeteria on breaks.”
131.The following appeared as part of an article in a consumer magazine.
“During a recent trial period in which government inspections at selected
meat-processing plants were more frequent, the amount of bacteria in samples
of processed chicken decreased by 50 percent on average from the previous year
’s level. These results indicate that the trial schedule should be made
permanent: by continuing with more frequent inspections, the government could
thus cut in half the incidence of stomach and intestinal infections
throughout the country. In the meantime, consumers of Excel Meats should be
safe from infection because Excel’s main processing plant has shown more
improvement in eliminating bacterial contamination than any other plant cited
in the government report.”
132.The following editorial appeared in the South Fork Gazette.
“Last year, the city contracted with Flower Power to plant a variety of
flowers in big decorative pots on Main Street and to water them each week. By
midsummer many of the plants were wilted. This year the city should either
contract for two waterings a week or save money by planting artificial
flowers in the pots. According to Flower Power, the initial cost for
artificial flowers would be twice as much as for real plants, but after two
years, we would save money. Public reaction certainly supports this position:
in a recent survey, over 1,200 Gazette readers said that the city wastes
money and should find ways to reduce spending.”
133.A planning consultant to the Banbridge Riverfront Festival Committee made
the following recommendation to the committee.
“The Riverfront Festival drew 10,000 visitors---not bad for your first year.
You would double that number, however, by bringing in the Jolly Pirate Ship.
In St. Clyde, the Harbor Week Festival averaged 30,000 visitors per year over
the last decade, but the attendance reached a high point of 45,000 a couple
of years ago, when the Jolly Pirate was at the Harbor Week Festival. One of
the organizers reported that the ship was especially popular with school
groups. Have the Jolly Pirate Ship sail into the Riverfront Festival next
summer, and your festival will be much more successful.”
134.The following appeared in a memorandum from the development director of
the Largo Piano Company.
“The Largo Piano Company has long been known for producing carefully
handcrafted, expensive pianos used by leading concert pianists. During the
past few years, however, our revenues have declined; meanwhile, the Allegro
Musical Instrument Company introduced a line of inexpensive digital pianos
and then saw its revenues increase. In order to increase Largo’s sales and
in fact outsell Allegro, we should introduce a line of digital pianos in a
variety of price ranges. Our digital pianos would be likely to find instant
acceptance with customers, since they would be associated with the
prestigious Largo name.”
135.The following appeared in a memorandum from the CEO of Volare Airlines.
“Even though our record last year of on-time takeoffs and arrivals was not
as good as that of several other major airline companies, our total revenues
were among the highest of any airline. Clearly, an on-time record is not the
passengers’ first concern, and so we should not risk reducing our revenues
by trying to improve our record. Instead, we should try to attract new
passengers by announcing a program of incentives and discounts. Consider that
Flugel Airlines saw ridership increase last year after it lowered fares on
its most popular routes, whereas Aero Airlines lost customers even after its
president appeared on television to apologize publicly for flight delays.”
136.The following appeared in a memorandum from the marketing department to
the general manager of the Swiftville Gazette.
“In an effort to expand its readership, the Swiftville Gazette made plans to
replace the current editor-in-chief and to launch a costly subscription
drive. Neither of these measures is now necessary, however: newspaper
readership is on the rise once again, as newly released results of a national
study show that the top five daily newspapers in the country are enjoying
increased circulation for the first time in years. Therefore, the Gazette can
expect to become a profitable enterprise for the first time since the
editor-in-chief was hired. Moreover, since people are once again interested
in the news, we can streamline our operations by dropping some of our ‘extras,
’ such as the gardening column, the real estate section, and the local
sports news.”
137.The following appeared as part of a business plan created by the general
manager of the Multon Electronic Company.
“In response to complaints from customers about the difficulty of installing
and operating Multon’s products, Multon Electronic Company tried an
experiment. The Customer Service Department has long suspected that customers
are not reading the instructions that are included with every new purchase,
and so it inserted a gift certificate at the end of every instruction manual.
Because only 75 people returned the certificates in a three-month period last
year, Multon Electronics has proved its point that customers are not
bothering to read the instructions. The Customer Service Department can solve
this problem by providing every new customer with an instructional video.”
138.The following is a memorandum to the president of the EZ-Manufacturing
Company from the manager of cafeteria services.
“Offering pizza in our cafeteria has proved extremely profitable. To further
increase our profits from pizza sales, we should switch to PDQ Pizzeria to
supply our pizza. PDQ pizza was twice voted the ‘best pizza’ in the
neighboring town of Hamiltonia in on-line surveys of Hamiltonia Gazette
readers. The PDQ branch in our town currently sells pizza for only slightly
more than our cafeteria does and has begun offering free daily delivery.
Switching to PDQ pizza will clearly improve satisfaction with our cafeteria
and hence increase the cafeteria’s profits.”
139.The following appeared in a memorandum from the marketing department of
Reel magazine.
“In order to determine the cause of the recent decline in sales of our
magazine, we sent a survey to customers who have canceled their subscription
during the last nine months. Results indicate that 80 percent of the 450
respondents feel that Reel contains too many ads. In order to retain current
customers and win back customers who have canceled their subscriptions, we
should reduce the number of ads. This solution will not only improve customer
satisfaction but also increase our revenue by boosting magazine sales.”
140.The following appeared in an article in a health and fitness magazine.
“A recent study of balding men revealed that 80% had higher than normal
levels of the chemical compound DHT in their bodies. A second study
discovered that rats fed a diet high in animal fats produced elevated levels
of the same chemical. In this second study, however, one group of rats did
not produce DHT when they also ate portions of wheat germ — a food rich in
vitamin E — along with the other foods high in animal fat. Viewed together,
these studies show that the best way to maintain healthy hair and scalp is to
reduce fat consumption sharply and to take daily vitamin E supplements.”
141.The following appeared in a memo from the vice president in charge of
fund-raising at Waymarsh University.
“Three years ago, as part of a very successful campaign to increase the
amount of money donated for scholarships, Midas College used student
volunteers to telephone selected alumni and request contributions. That year
the total amount of money donated to Midas exceeded its annual goal by 150
percent. To reduce overhead costs for fund-raising and increase
contributions, Waymarsh University should begin using student volunteers to
make telephone requests in all our fund-raising efforts. Further-more, since
the enrollment at Waymarsh University is more than twice that at Midas
College, we should be able to raise at least as much money each year as Midas
did by using this same method.”
142.The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a newspaper.
“Last year when Washington County received a special appropriation for
improving high-way safety, it spent all those funds to straighten sections of
certain roads. Unfortunately, the number of traffic accidents in the county
was actually higher than in the previous year. Although Adams County received
a smaller appropriation for improving highway safety, it hired more police
officers and enforced traffic laws more strictly. Last year Adams County
reported 15 percent fewer traffic accidents than during the previous year.
Since money for improving highway safety throughout the state is limited, the
state can achieve greater success with less expenditure by using all such
funds for stricter enforcement of speed limits.”
143.The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Mama Mia’s, a
chain of Italian restaurants.
“Officials of the movie industry report that over 70 percent of the movies
released last year targeted a teenage audience. Furthermore, national sales
data indicate that the favorite food of teenagers is pizza. Since a branch
store of Good Times Movie Rental opened on Center Street six months ago,
sales of takeout pizza at our restaurant next door have been higher than at
any other restaurant in our chain. Because the rental of movies seems to
stimulate pizza sales, the best way to increase our profits is to open new
Mama Mia’s restaurants next to or very near all of the Good Times Movie
Rental stores.”
144.The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of the Fizzle
Soda Company.
“There is apparently a market for new beverages, as can be seen from the
fact that other companies have recently introduced new juice drinks and
sports drinks. Given this market and customer surveys indicating that many
drinkers of regular Fizzle soda add chocolate syrup to their soda, we can
increase our company’s sales by creating a new chocolate-flavored soda, ‘Choc
o-Fizz.’ Choco-Fizz will help us attract new customers and keep our
customers who might otherwise switch to our competitors’ chocolate
beverages. Also, Choco-Fizz will be more successful than Fizzle Plus, our
most recently introduced flavor, because it will be easier to distinguish
from regular Fizzle soda.”
145.The following appeared in a memo from the president of the Meltaway
Company, a producer of ice cream.
“Health concerns and convenience appear to be the key factors affecting
sales of ice cream. Last year’s publication of research suggesting that some
types of fat can be beneficial to health must have made people more willing
to eat regular ice cream, which contains fat. Over the past year, national
sales of regular ice cream increased about 8 percent, while sales of fat-free
or low-fat ice cream increased by only 1 percent. During the same time
period, sales of ice cream were similarly affected by consumers’demand for
convenience, as grocery stores increased their sales volume for ice cream by
9 percent, compared to a 3 percent increase for ice-cream parlors and other
stores specializing in ice cream. Therefore, we can expect that most of our
profits over the next few years will come from providing regular ice cream to
grocery stores.”
146.The following appeared in a memo from a public health official.
“A recent international study shows that 7,000 children who brushed their
teeth with a toothpaste containing altide had 40 percent fewer cavities than
7,000 other children who did not use a toothpaste with this ingredient.
Furthermore, altide occurs naturally in the water from springs on the island
of Mandiba, and residents of that island typically have very few dental
fillings or artificially replaced teeth. Therefore, the cheapest and most
effective way to improve the dental health of residents of nearby islands is
to provide them bottled water from the springs on Mandiba.”
147.The following appeared in an article from a health magazine.
“In a yearlong clinical trial of Mi-Quell, a new medicine for treating
migraine headaches, researchers observed no significant side effects during
the first five months. After six months, however, 20 percent of the subjects
in the clinical trial began to report dizziness. Furthermore, during the
final six months of the clinical trial, 43 of the subjects fell at least once
and 18 were involved in automobile accidents. Such data indicate that
Mi-Quell should be used to treat migraine headaches for up to six months, but
after that time period doctors should prescribe another medicine.”
148.The following appeared in a memo from the budget planner of the city of
Clearview.
“After a campaign to promote recycling of metal, paper, plastics, and glass,
the city collected twice as much of these recyclable materials from local
homes last year as during the previous year. When the city sold these
materials, the major buyer paid 30 percent more per pound for recycled
aluminum and certain grades of paper. Within a few months the city also plans
to annex and collect recyclable materials from a new housing area containing
over 4,000 households. Thus, by collecting larger amounts of recyclable
materials and selling them at higher prices, the city’s recycling program
should soon become profitable.”
149.The following appeared in a proposal from the sheriff of Adams County.
“Last year a course in driver’s education became a requirement for
graduation for all students at the Adams County High School, and the board of
education purchased 10 new cars to provide students in the classes with
on-the-road driving experience. Nevertheless, the number of teenage drivers
involved in traffic accidents here in Adams County has increased by 200
percent this year, and officers from the sheriff’s department have cited a
record high number of teenagers for violations of traffic laws. Since the
high school driver’s education classes have been so ineffective in improving
traffic safety, we should no longer require them and should spend our limited
funds on other programs.”
150.The following appeared in a memo from the president of Pampered Pooch
Spas, a chain of luxury dog-grooming businesses.
“Over 70 percent of the current households in the town of Philazoa have
pets, many new families are moving into Philazoa, and kennels in the area
continue to report brisk sales of puppies. Furthermore, the average family
income in Philazoa is 50 percent higher than the national average, and a
local store reports record-high sales of the most expensive brands of dog
foods. With so many devoted pet owners and such liberal spending to take good
care of those pets, Philazoa will be a profitable location for a new Pampered
Pooch Spa — a dog-grooming business that offers premium care at higher than
average prices.”
151.The following appeared in a budget proposal for the country of Salutopia.
“Over the past 20 years the birth rate in Salutopia has declined. During
that same period, however, the number of physicians practicing in Salutopia
has steadily increased, and the average number of patients treated by each
physician has decreased by 30 percent. Meanwhile, average life expectancy in
Salutopia has risen to 71 years, and the mortality rate fell significantly
last year. Since such data indicate dramatic improvements in public health
and a more than adequate supply of physicians in Salutopia, the national
medical college need not expand and can perhaps even reduce its size.”
152.The following appeared in a memo from the president of Elegant Seafoods,
a chain of restaurants.
“We should proceed with our plan to open a new restaurant in the busy
College Plaza shopping center near Waymarsh College. Although two restaurants
in that location have closed in the past two years (one a pizza parlor, the
other a deli), their failure does not mean College Plaza is an unsuitable
location for our restaurant. After all, the Plaza Café has been in business
at that location for twenty years. Furthermore, national reports from the
restaurant industry show that college students are eating out more frequently
than ever. It is likely, then, that we will be very successful at that
location.”
153.The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a town meeting in
River City.
“Recently Greenspace, Inc., purchased several hundred acres of undeveloped
land on the outskirts of River City. Although Greenspace has announced that
it is considering plans to turn this land into a park for the city,
Greenspace is owned by Megacompany, Inc., which also owns other companies
that make such diverse products as cosmetics and new houses and that have
typically done little to preserve the environment. Thus, to protect the
animal and plant species of River City from increased pollution, consumers
should refuse to purchase any products that are made by Megacompany until
Greenspace abandons its plan to develop housing on the land.”
154.The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Omni
Industries.
“Last month’s reports from Omni’s top executives indicate that they spent
more than 20 percent of their company travel time waiting in airports.
Meanwhile, during the past year Hermes Airlines had twice as many on-time
flights as any other airline. To avoid the irritation of excessive waiting,
Omni should use Hermes Airlines for its company travel. Such a change should
increase company profits by using employee time more productively and
improving morale.”
155.The following is taken from Townsville Residential Carpet Cleaning’s
business plan.
“Homes built in this country last year were an average of 20 percent larger
than those built just 10 years ago. At the same time, carpet manufacturers
had greater overall profits than in any previous year. To meet the demand for
home carpet-cleaning services and improve our own profitability, we should
take out a loan to buy an additional truck for our fleet.”
156.The following appeared in a memo from the manager of Smart Step, a retail
shoe store.
“The advertising strategy of Legacy Car Dealers has always been to target
first-time buyers who may then become loyal repeat customers. Using this
strategy, Legacy has sold more cars than any other local dealer during the
past 50 years, and its owners are quite wealthy. Thus, to insure steadily
increasing sales in future years, Smart Step should direct its current
advertising to a youthful audience. Furthermore, a good choice to carry out
this advertising campaign is the Hang-10 agency, which has a young creative
staff and has become famous for its memorable tunes in advertisements on
radio.”
157.The following is from a proposal made by a government official in the
country of Cortin.
“More than half of Cortin’s inhabitants live near the seacoast, as is also
the case in the country of Blandis. To solve the problem of ocean pollution
along the Blandis seacoast, the government of Blandis recently purchased the
X-2000, a new machine that identifies specific pollutants in seawater. In the
year since the X-2000 was purchased, a substantial decrease in ocean
pollution has been measured at various locations along the coast of Blandis.
To ensure that Cortin’s seacoast is a healthful and attractive place to live
and to visit, our government should follow the example of Blandis and
purchase an X-2000.”
158.The following appeared as part of an editorial in the Doddsville News.
“Last year’s accidental introduction of a species of algae-eating fish into
nearby Grand Lake has dramatically cleared the lake’s once-murky waters.
Since then, the number of swimmers at Grand Lake’s beaches has increased by
23 percent. Given this success at Grand Lake, Doddsville should introduce
algae-eating fish into Emerald Lake. Emerald Lake is already a popular place
for fishing, but improving the water there will attract additional tourists
interested in swimming and boating. The result will be an increase in
business and profits for Doddsville hotels and merchants.”
159.The following appeared in a consultant’s report to the Regional Cuisine,
Inc.
“The number of tourists coming to Central Valley has increased 30 percent in
the past three years, but no new restaurants have been opened during that
time. To capitalize on the rapidly expanding tourist market, Regional Cuisine
should immediately open a new restaurant in Central Valley, featuring
traditional dishes of the Central Valley region. Regional Cuisine restaurants
have been profitable in other tourist areas and thus we should expect to
succeed in Central Valley as well.”
160.The following editorial appeared in the sports section of the Winetta
Daily News.
“Because the Winetta Women’s Biking Team lost most of its races this year,
the team coaches need to improve team members’ fitness by following the
example of the Spandia Women’s Biking Team. After five straight years of
losing more races than it won, the Spandia team signed up for the ‘Train to
Win’ workout program and, only six months later, started winning more of its
races. To make sure that Winetta Women’s Biking Team wins more races next
year, the coaches should incorporate ‘Train to Win’ into the team’s
fitness program.”
161.The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Didactica, a
company that publishes textbooks.
“We have just taken an important step toward promoting our textbooks more
effectively. Didactica has signed a contract with MousePrints, Inc., a
company that supplies advertising-sponsored mousepads to schools free of
charge. Each mousepad is printed with four age-appropriate, education-related
ads that include Web site addresses, and since the mousepads are placed next
to computers in classrooms and computer labs, the users of the computers are
likely to visit Didactica’s Website. This method of familiarizing students
and teachers with our company will help us increase our sales revenues and
our share of the textbook market.”
162.The following appeared in a plan written by the business manager of a
daily newspaper called The Smallville Bulletin.
“Last year nationwide revenues from classified ads posted on the Internet
rose 50 percent, but our revenues from daily and weekend classified ads for
autos, jobs, and homes rose only 5 percent—the smallest rise in the past
five years. The message is clear: we at The Smallville Bulletin can expect
that within the next five years, revenues from our classified ads section
will decline steeply. Since most of our revenues will therefore come from ads
placed in the other sections of our newspaper, we can best ensure the
survival of The Smallville Bulletin by printing only one classified ads
section per week and by creating new sections on a different set of
consumer-related topics such as fashion, home décor, and technology.”
163.The following appeared in a business plan written by the manager of the
Parker Hotel.
“Currently the Parker Hotel’s restaurant has a certificate of merit awarded
by Bacchus, a well-known magazine for wine enthusiasts, but such certificates
mean little because hundreds of other restaurants around the world also have
them. To enhance our restaurant’s reputation and profitability, we should
invest a million dollars in our wine inventory so that we will have a good
chance of winning Bacchus’ highest award—the Vin Noble Prize—and
subsequently being featured in the magazine. We would not have to keep
spending large sums to maintain a comparable wine inventory, because the
magazine’s inspectors do not regularly revisit Vin Noble Prize winners.”
164.The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Sinecor, a
computer-software company.
“The amount of money Sinecor spent last year on paid vacations and medical
benefits increased by 30 percent. To offset these expenses, we should
increase to 30 percent the portion of our employees who are temporary or
contract workers. Since we will not have to give these workers vacation time
or medical benefits, we will save money by employing them. In addition, our
regular employees will be motivated to work harder to preserve their jobs as
well as their vacation and health benefits. These changes will improve Sinecor
’s overall profitability and ability to compete with other companies.”
165.The following appeared in a proposal from the sheriff of Adams County.
“This year the number of teenage drivers involved in traffic accidents here
in Adams County has increased by 200 percent, and officers from the county
sheriff’s department have cited a record high number of teenagers for
violations of traffic laws. To deal with this increasingly serious problem,
the now-optional driver’s education course at Adams County High School
should become a required course for all students before their graduation.
Furthermore, the board of education should purchase 10 new cars to provide
all students in the classes with extensive on-the-road driving experience.”
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